Lactoferrin fusion protein and method for preparation thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention aims to provide a lactoferrin fusion protein, which is configured to retain the biological activities of natural lactoferrin, to have a significantly prolonged in vivo lifetime, and to be more clinically useful than natural and gene recombinant lactoferrin, as well as a method for preparation thereof, etc. 
     The present invention provides a fusion protein formed with a protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region and lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin, which is represented by: 
       (LF-s-Y)n or (Y-s-LF)n 
     [wherein LF represents lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin, Y represents the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region, s represents any amino acid sequence of 0 to 10 residues, and n represents an integer of 1 to 10], or a variant thereof.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a lactoferrin fusion protein having improved properties, uses thereof and a method for preparation thereof.

BACKGROUND

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of about 80,000, which occurs mainly in mammalian milk and is also found in neutrophils, tears, saliva, nasal discharge, bile, semen, etc. Because of its iron-binding ability, lactoferrin belongs to the transferrin family. Known physiological activities of lactoferrin include an antibacterial effect, an iron metabolism regulatory effect, a cell proliferation promotion effect, a hematopoietic effect, an anti-inflammatory effect, an antioxidative effect, a phagocytosis enhancement effect, an antiviral effect, a bifidobacteria growth promotion effect, an anticancer effect, a cancer metastasis inhibitory effect, a translocation inhibitory effect and so on, Further, recent studies have indicated that lactoferrin also has a lipid metabolism improvement effect, an analgesic or anti-stress effect, and an anti-aging effect. As described above, lactoferrin is a multifunctional physiologically active protein having a wide range of functions and is therefore expected for use in, e.g., pharmaceutical and/or food applications for the purpose of restoration or promotion of health. Food products containing lactoferrin have already been commercially available.

When given orally, lactoferrin will be hydrolyzed by the action of pepsin, an acidic protease contained in the gastric juice, and then cleaved into peptides. For this reason, lactoferrin molecules are almost unable to reach the intestinal tract. However, lactoferrin receptors are known to be present on the small intestinal mucosa in the case of the digestive tract, and recent studies have indicated that lactoferrin is taken into the body through the intestinal tract and exerts its biological activities. Thus, for exertion of the lactoferrin's biological activities, it is important to ensure that lactoferrin is allowed to reach the intestinal tract without being hydrolyzed by the action of pepsin in the gastric juice. Moreover, when formulated into injections, lactoferrin will be exposed to cleavage catalyzed by proteases (e.g., chymotrypsin, elastase) contained in tissues and organs, so that it is practically important to impart resistance against these proteases for the purpose of increasing the in vivo stability in tissues and organs where lactoferrin is administered.

IgG antibodies are known to have a long half-life in blood because they are prevented from being cleaved in vivo through a recycling mechanism mediated by the neonatal Fc receptor (hereinafter referred to as “FcRn”). In addition, antibody drugs, whose targets are limited to specific proteins or peptides or the like and whose mechanisms of action are therefore limited, are regarded as having fewer side effects than conventional synthetic compounds.

The concept of biological formulations based on fusion proteins with IgG antibody or its Fc region has been known per se. By way of example, as an agent for suppressing acute graft rejection following renal transplantation, a CD3-targeting antibody drug was approved in 1986 and has been used over a long period of time.

However, in general, fusion proteins are often observed to have reduced biological activities when compared to non-fused proteins. This is because their active sites have been affected as a result of fusion. By way of example, when compared to endogenous TPO, TPOR-binding mimetic peptides were found to be comparable in terms of TPOR-binding levels, but tended to have slightly lower biological activities when tested in vitro.

Furthermore, in the case of a fusion protein formed with IFN-α and Fc region, which is designed to increase the half-life of IFN-α in blood, the half-life in blood has been greatly increased but there arises a disadvantage in that the physiological activities of IFN-α are reduced. Thus, with regard to conditions and others required for preparation of fusion proteins having desired properties, sufficient studies should be conducted for each protein.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

Patent Document 1: JP 2007-105044 A

Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent No. 4234438

Patent Document 3: JP 2011-523351 A

Patent Document 4: JP 2004-521655 A

Patent Document 5: U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,125

Non-Patent Documents

Non-patent Document 1: Jazayeri, J. A. et al., Biodrugs, 22, 11-26 (2008)

Non-patent Document 2: Yeung, Y. A. et al., J. Immunol., 182, 7663-7671 (2009)

Non-patent Document 3: Suzuki, T. et al., J. Immunol., 184, 1968-1976 (2010)

Non-patent Document 4: Batra, J. K., et al., Mol Immunol., 30, 379-386, (1993)

Non-patent Document 5: Dimitrov, D. S., mAbs, 1, 26-28 (2009)

Non-patent Document 6: Gong, R. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 286, 27288-27293 (2011)

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention aims to provide a highly clinically useful lactoferrin fusion protein, which is configured to have reduced antigenicity, to be resistant against proteases, to allow oral, tissue and/or organ administration, and to have a prolonged in vivo life time, as well as a method for preparation thereof. More specifically, the present invention aims to provide a lactoferrin fusion protein, which is configured to retain the biological activities of naturally occurring lactoferrin, to have a significantly prolonged in vivo life time, and to be more clinically useful than naturally occurring lactoferrin and gene recombinant lactoferrin, as well as a method for preparation thereof, etc.

As a result of extensive and intensive efforts made to design lactoferrin having a higher order structure comparable to that of the naturally occurring form, wherein its physiological activities are not impaired and a long half-life is maintained, the inventors of the present invention have found that when lactoferrin protein was fused with an FcRn-binding protein (Fc region) and examined for its stability in blood, the lactoferrin protein fused with the Fc region showed a significant 5.4-fold increase in its half-life when compared to the non-fused control. Moreover, from the results of CD spectra and iron-binding ability measurement, the inventors of the present invention have found unexpected results that the fusion protein showed no change in the three-dimensional structure of lactoferrin per se upon fusion with the Fc region, and in terms of heat stability, the three-dimensional structure is maintained at a temperature of at least 30° C. or higher, even at 65° C. or higher, and the biological activities are also not impaired at all. Furthermore, the inventors of the present invention have obtained the results that the prepared lactoferrin fusion protein has resistance against proteases and also retains the iron-chelating ability, which is the most important biological activity. These findings led to the completion of the present invention.

Namely, the present invention provides the following.

[1] A fusion protein formed with lactoferrin and a protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region, which is represented by:

(LF-s-Y)n or (Y-s-LF)n

[wherein LF represents lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin, Y represents the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region, s represents any amino acid sequence of 0 to 10 residues, and n represents an integer of 1 to 10], or a variant thereof. [2] The fusion protein or variant thereof according to [1] above, wherein the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region comprises any of IgG, the heavy chain of IgG, the heavy chain Fc region of IgG, the CH2 and CH3 domains of the Fc region, the CH2 domain of the Fc region, albumin or the FcRn-binding region of albumin. [3] The fusion protein or variant thereof according to [1] or [2] above, wherein the fusion protein is a monomer or dimer (n=1 or 2). [4] The fusion protein or variant thereof according to [1] or [2] above, wherein the fusion protein is a monomer. [5] The fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the fusion protein retains 50% or more of the iron-chelating ability of natural or gene recombinant lactoferrin. [6] The fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [5] above, wherein the fusion protein is taken up via the lactoferrin receptor or/and the IgG/albumin receptor. [7] The fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [6] above, wherein the fusion protein has improved chymotrypsin resistance when compared to natural or gene recombinant lactoferrin. [8] A nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [7] above. [9] An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to [8] above. [10] A host cell comprising the expression vector according to [9] above. [11] A genetically modified non-human animal comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to [8] above. [12] A genetically modified plant comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to [8] above. [13] A therapeutic agent for diseases ameliorated by lactoferrin, which comprises the fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [7] above. [14] A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [7] above and a carrier. [15] A method for preparing the fusion protein or variant thereof according to any one of [1] to [7] above, which comprises culturing a host cell comprising a gene encoding the fusion protein or variant thereof to express the fusion protein or variant thereof, and collecting the fusion protein or variant thereof from the host cell or the medium thereof.

The fusion protein of the present invention or a variant thereof (hereinafter may also be referred to as “the fusion protein or the like”) retains the iron-binding ability of lactoferrin, and therefore at least retains the important biological activities of lactoferrin, which are based on the iron-binding ability. Moreover, because of having a prolonged in vivo life time and resistance against proteases, the fusion protein or the like can exert its biological activities in vivo over a long period of time. Further, by being configured in the form of a fusion protein, it is less likely to be digested and cleaved with pepsin in the stomach and is therefore able to fully reach the intestine without requiring any additional pharmaceutical treatment for enteric purposes.

In addition, by being prepared through gene recombination technology, the fusion protein or the like of the present invention is also advantageous in terms of manufacturing control and quality control, and hence is particularly suitable for use as a pharmaceutical ingredient. Namely, such a fusion protein or the like and a method for preparation thereof according to the present invention enable the provision of lactoferrin in a more useful form as a pharmaceutical ingredient. Since lactoferrin is extremely safe and has a wide range of biological activities, the present invention allows more advantageous application of lactoferrin as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for diseases or symptoms for which no effective therapeutic agent has been available. For example, application of lactoferrin can be widened to lifestyle-related diseases (e.g., arteriosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, fatty liver), cancers (e.g., prevention of carcinogenesis, secondary prevention of cancers, suppression of metastasis, enhanced effects of carcinostatic agents), autoimmune diseases (e.g., dry eye and dry mouth associated with Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatic arthritis, malignant rheumatoid arthritis, collagenosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus), psychoneurotic diseases (e.g., dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, depression, withdrawal, schizophrenia, various stress-induced diseases, menopausal symptoms), pain relief (e.g., enhancement of opioids such as morphine, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, post-herpetic pain, fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, glossodynia, menstrual pain, toothache, arthralgia, climacteric symptoms), hepatitis (e.g., various types of virus hepatitis, nonalcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis), inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia, frequent urination, insomnia, constipation and so on. Further, since lactoferrin has an antibacterial or antiviral effect and an immunostimulatory effect, the fusion protein of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same can also be applied to various types of infections and their associated inflammation, as exemplified by gastric mucosal infection with Helicobacter pylori, periodontal disease, pyorrhea alveolaris, ozostomia, oral candidiasis, stomatitis, angular cheilitis, rhinitis, esophagitis, cholecystitis, urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, tinea pedis, acne, infections with viruses of the herpes group, senile pneumonia, postoperative infections and so on, and it also has the effect of enhancing the action of antibiotics. On the other hand, lactoferrin also acts to provide immunological tolerance, and hence the fusion protein of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same can also be applied to allergic diseases such as pollinosis, atopic dermatitis, seborrhea, urticaria and so on. Notably, lactoferrin has a strong anti-oxidative stress effect based on its iron-chelating effect, and hence the fusion protein of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same can also be applied not only to Wilson's disease, fulminant hepatitis and so on, but also to anti-aging and rejuvenation effects on the skin and eyes, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, anti-keratinization and rejuvenation effects on mucosal epithelial cells, etc.

Moreover, the fusion protein of the present invention is taken up into cells via at least one receptor selected from the group consisting of the lactoferrin receptors, the IgG receptors and the albumin receptors, and therefore can be expected to have lower side effects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation where a synthetic oligonucleotide comprising a BamHI site is inserted into vector pBSIILfAL comprising the full-length human lactoferrin (hLF) cDNA to thereby prepare pBSIILfAL/Bam.

FIG. 2 shows the structure of vector pTeuIgG carrying the genomic sequence of human IgG1 Fc region (hinge, CH2, CH3), along with insertion of hLF cDNA into this vector.

FIG. 3 shows the structure of vector pmIgG carrying the cDNA sequence of human IgG1 Fc region (CH2, CH3), along with insertion of hLF cDNA into this vector.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation where a region covering from the T7 primer binding site to the T3 primer binding site of vector pBluescript II (Stratagene) is inserted into pOpti-VEC, an expression vector for DG44 cells, to thereby prepare vector pOpti-VEC-MCS.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of how to prepare a hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) expression vector and a hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc expression vector. A region comprising hLF and the genomic sequence of human IgG Fc region (hinge, CH2, CH3) from pTeuIgG/hLF or a region comprising the cDNA sequence of human IgG Fc region (CH2, CH3) from pmIgG/hLF was excised as a XhoI-NotI fragment and cloned into the XhoI/NotI site of pOptiVEC-MCS.

FIG. 6 shows the expression levels obtained when DG44 cells were induced to express the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc).

FIG. 7 shows the expression levels obtained when DG44 cells were induced to express the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 8 shows purification of the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc).

FIG. 9 shows purification of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 10 shows concentration of the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) through ammonium sulfate precipitation.

FIG. 11 shows concentration of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc through ammonium sulfate precipitation.

FIG. 12-A shows the secondary structure homology of hLF and the hinge-deficient and hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins. Panel A shows the CD spectrum obtained for hLF.

FIG. 12-B shows the secondary structure homology of hLF and the hinge-deficient and hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins. Panel B shows the CD spectrum obtained for the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 12-C shows the secondary structure homology of hLF and the hinge-deficient and hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins. Panel C shows the CD spectrum obtained for the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc).

FIG. 13-A shows the heat stability of hLF and the hinge-deficient and hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins. Panel A shows the CD spectrum obtained for hLF.

FIG. 13-B shows the heat stability of hLF and the hinge-deficient and hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins. Panel B shows the CD spectrum obtained for the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 13-C shows the heat stability of hLF and the hinge-deficient and hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins. Panel C shows the CD spectrum obtained for the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc).

FIG. 14 shows cleavage of the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein,

FIG. 15-A shows cleavage products obtained at 37° C. after 3 weeks from the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein.

FIG. 15-B shows a schematic view of the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein, along with its cleavage site.

FIG. 16 shows the blood stability of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 17-A shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5 in the Sequence Listing) of the human lactoferrin (hLF)/human IgG Fc fusion protein encoded by expression vector pOptiVEC/hLF-dFc. The double-lined section represents a sequence of spacer amino acids, the italic section represents a sequence of amino acids in the hinge region, the underlined bold section represents a sequence of amino acids in the CH2 domain, and the bold section represents a sequence of amino acids in the CH3 domain.

FIG. 17-B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6 in the Sequence Listing) of the hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein encoded by expression vector pOptiVEC/hLF-mFc. The double-lined section represents a sequence of spacer amino acids, the underlined bold section represents a sequence of amino acids in the CH2 domain, and the bold section represents a sequence of amino acids in the CH3 domain.

FIG. 18 shows the stability of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc in a serum solution.

FIG. 19 shows the uptake of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc into small intestinal epithelium-like cells.

FIG. 20 is an electrophoresis photograph showing the chymotrypsin resistance of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 21 shows the chymotrypsin resistance of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

FIG. 22 shows homodimer formation in a solution from the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention will be described in more detail below. The following embodiments are illustrated to describe the present invention, and it is not intended to limit the present invention only to these embodiments. The present invention can be implemented in various modes, without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

It should be noted that all publications cited herein, including prior art documents, patent gazettes and other patent documents, are incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, this specification incorporates the contents disclosed in the specification and drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-098085 (filed on Apr. 23, 2012), based on which the present application claims priority.

The fusion protein of the present invention is a biologically active fusion protein formed with a protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region and lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin. In the fusion protein of the present invention, such a protein or peptide to be linked with lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin generally refers to a protein or peptide comprising a sequence known to bind to FcRn, and any protein or peptide may be used for this purpose as long as it is biocompatible or pharmacologically inert. For example, IgG or albumin, which is a blood component protein, is known to bind to FcRn. Thus, examples of the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region to be used in the present invention include those comprising IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgG5, IgG6, IgG7), the heavy chain of IgG, the Fc region in the heavy chain of IgG, the CH2 and CH3 domains of the Fc region, the CH2 domain, albumin, and the FcRn-binding region of albumin. The amino acid sequences of these proteins and peptides are known, and for use in the present invention, they may be the same as their naturally occurring sequences or may have a mutation(s).

Preferably, the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region to be used in the present invention should be resistant to cleavage from the state fused with lactoferrin. For example, when using an IgG Fc region including a hinge region, the hinge region forms disulfide linkages to thereby form a fusion protein in a dimeric form. However, the hinge region is highly susceptible to proteases. For this reason, it is possible to use an IgG Fc region which is free from the hinge region or has been modified to replace cysteine in the hinge region with another amino acid or to change the position of cysteine. Alternatively, the hinge region may be replaced with a different isotype-derived hinge region containing a glycosylation site to thereby enhance protease resistance by the presence of sugar chains (Patent Document 2). These embodiments also fall within the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region.

To prevent protease-catalyzed cleavage of the hinge region, a preferred strategy is to delete the hinge region to thereby prepare a hinge-deficient fusion protein. Because of having no hinge region, this fusion protein would have reduced binding to Fcγ receptors or complements responsible for effector functions, and is therefore advantageous over a fusion protein having the hinge region (e.g., a hinge-added fusion protein) in terms of reducing cell damage cytotoxicity mediated by effector functions which leads to side effects and/or reducing activation of immunoreaction mediated by effector functions which leads to elimination of the fusion protein from blood.

Such a protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region may comprise other sequences in addition to the FcRn-binding region. For example, upon addition of a sequence covering the J chain which forms a multimer (e.g., IgA, IgM), higher-order multimerization is possible.

In the fusion protein, lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin and the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region may be located such that either of them may be located at the N-terminal or C-terminal side of the other, although it is preferred that lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin is located at the N-terminal side, while the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region is located at the C-terminal side. Thus, the fusion protein of the present invention is preferably represented by (LF-Y)n and/or the formula appearing in [1] above, wherein n=1 or 2, and more preferably represented by (LF-Y)n, wherein n=1. It should be noted that an additional sequence may be present between LF and Y, as described later.

“Lactoferrin” (LF) or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin to be used in the fusion protein or the like of the present invention is gene recombinant lactoferrin (including a variant whose amino acids are partially substituted), and there is no limitation either on the type of organism from which the sequence used is derived or on the presence or absence of a modification(s). For example, the lactoferrin intended here may have the same amino acid sequence as natural lactoferrin obtained from humans and various animals (e.g., cow, horse, pig, sheep, goat, camel) or may comprise partial deletion, addition or substitution of amino acids as long as it has the desired physiological activities of lactoferrin. Various candidates are known for such a functional (biologically active) fragment or peptide of lactoferrin (see, e.g., “Programs and Abstracts of the 2nd Clinical Lactoferrin Symposium 2009,” pages 21 to 27 (Keiichi Shimazaki), Peptides. 2011 September; 32(9): 1953-63. Epub 2011 Jul. 30, Discovery and development of a synthetic peptide derived from lactoferrin for clinical use, Brouwer C P, Rahman M, Welling M M, Biometals. 2010 June; 23(3):493-505. Epub 2010 Mar. 18, The human lactoferrin-derived peptide hLF1-11 primes monocytes for an enhanced TLR-mediated immune response, van der Does A M, Bogaards S J, Jonk L, Wulferink M, Velders M P, Nibbering P H, J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jun. 9; 58(11):6721-7, Antihypertensive properties of lactoferricin B-derived peptides, Ruiz-Gimenez P, Ibanez A, Salom J B, Marcos J F, Lopez-Diez J J, Valles S, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Manzanares P), which may be designed as needed.

In relation to the fusion protein or the like of the present invention, the term “biological activity” is intended to mean the physiological or pharmacological activity of lactoferrin, unless otherwise specified. In particular, the fusion protein or the like of the present invention has the same iron-chelating (binding) ability as natural lactoferrin (or recombinant lactoferrin having a sequence equivalent to that of natural lactoferrin). More specifically, assuming that the iron-binding ability of natural lactoferrin (or recombinant lactoferrin having a sequence equivalent to that of natural lactoferrin) is set to 100%, as measured in the manner described later in the Example section, the fusion protein or the like of the present invention retains at least 50% or more (e.g., about 50% to about 150% or about 50% to about 120%) of the iron-binding ability. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein or the like of the present invention has iron-binding ability which corresponds to about 70% to about 100% or more (e.g., about 70% to about 150% or about 70% to about 120%), more particularly about 90% or more of that of natural lactoferrin (or recombinant lactoferrin having a sequence equivalent to that of natural lactoferrin). It should be noted that when the iron-binding ability is measured in the manner described in the Example section or in a manner equivalent thereto, there may be an error around ±20%.

The fusion protein of the present invention may further comprise an additional amino acid sequence and(or) a sugar chain, etc. The fusion protein of the present invention may have any amino acid sequence whose length is suitable for use as a spacer sequence between the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region and lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin. Such a spacer sequence (s) may be, for example, any amino acid sequence of 0 to 10 residues or 0 to 5 residues. Other additional sequences may be those providing three-dimensional structural advantages, as in the case of a spacer sequence, or may be those imparting some kind of function to the fusion protein, as exemplified by signal peptides or tag sequences used for purification purposes. Fusion proteins having these additional elements are referred to as variants.

The fusion protein or the like of the present invention can be prepared by gene recombination technology. A lactoferrin gene having a desired amino acid sequence and a gene for the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region may be linked in a standard manner to construct an expression vector comprising other elements required for expression in desired host cells, and this vector may then be introduced into the host cells to express a fusion protein, followed by collecting the expressed fusion protein from the cells or medium.

A nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein or the like of the present invention can be designed and prepared by using known sequences and standard genetic engineering techniques. Genes encoding lactoferrin and the protein comprising an FcRn-binding region can be obtained by being cloned from commonly available various genomic or cDNA libraries with the use of probes based on known nucleic acid or amino acid sequences or by being synthesized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is also possible to make desired modifications to these genes or introduce mutations into these genes.

A host cell-vector system used for replication of the nucleic acid molecule and a host-vector system used for expression of the fusion protein may be selected as appropriate from among many known systems of eukaryotic cells (e.g., mammalian cells, plant cells, yeast, insect cells) and prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria).

In addition to a sequence encoding lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin and a sequence encoding the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region (or alternatively, a sequence encoding the protein or peptide comprising an FcRn-binding region and a sequence encoding lactoferrin or a biologically active fragment or peptide of lactoferrin), the vector used to express the fusion protein of the present invention generally comprises, in an operably linked state, a transcription promoter, a secretory signal peptide sequence, a transcription terminator, a polyA signal and other elements, and usually further comprises a selective marker such as a drug resistance gene.

These vectors may be used to transform host cells in accordance with various known techniques.

The fusion protein or the like of the present invention can be produced by genetically modified plants and genetically modified animals prepared for this purpose. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein of the present invention may be integrated into the non-human animal (e.g., sheep, goat) genome to thereby allow the fusion protein of the present invention to be secreted into milk. Alternatively, upon integration into plants, it is possible to prepare useful plants which produce the fusion protein or the like of the present invention (see, e.g., JP 2004-528022 A).

The fusion protein or the like of the present invention can be isolated and purified from the medium or the like of host cells transformed with the expression vector of the present invention by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and various chromatographic techniques such as ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography, as appropriate. A particularly preferred purification technique is ion exchange chromatography.

Lactoferrin has a wide range of physiological activities including an antibacterial effect, an iron metabolism regulatory effect, a cell proliferation activation effect, a hematopoietic effect, an anti-inflammatory effect, an antioxidative effect, a phagocytosis enhancement effect, an antiviral effect, a bifidobacteria growth promotion effect, an anticancer effect, a cancer metastasis inhibitory effect, a translocation inhibitory effect, a lipid metabolism improvement effect, an analgesic effect, an anti-stress effect and so on, and these effects allow treatment (including amelioration) and prevention of many diseases or symptoms including lifestyle-related diseases (e.g., hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia), pain control (e.g., cancer pain, neuropathic pain), collagenosis (e.g., dry eye and dry mouth associated with Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatic arthritis), periodontal disease, hepatitis C, etc.

The fusion protein or the like of the present invention fully retains the biological activities of lactoferrin, and hence can be administered as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for diseases against which lactoferrin is effective, either alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the fusion protein or the like of the present invention can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions in desired dosage forms by being blended with various carriers, therapeutically inert bases and/or additives known in the pharmaceutical field. For convenience sake, the term “pharmaceutical preparation” or “pharmaceutical composition” used in relation to the present invention is intended to include not only cases where targets to be administered are humans, but also cases where targets to be administered are animals (i.e., veterinary drugs and the like). Various ingredients, which can be contained in such a pharmaceutical composition, and possible dosage forms are well known to those skilled in the art.

The effective dose of a therapeutic agent or pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein or the like of the present invention will vary depending on the type or severity of disease or symptom to be treated or prevented, the state of a target to be administered, the intended dosage form, the route of administration and so on, and hence may be selected as appropriate based on the known effective dose of lactoferrin. In general, it is possible to select a significantly lower dose (e.g., ½ to 1/20, calculated as the amount of lactoferrin) in comparison with the known effective dose of lactoferrin. Alternatively, when used at the same dose, the therapeutic agent or pharmaceutical composition can be administered at a reduced frequency.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further described in more detail by way of the following examples and test examples, although the present invention is not limited only to the scope illustrated in the Example section.

Example 1 Preparation of a Fusion Protein Formed with Human Lactoferrin (hLF) and a Hinge Region-Containing Human IgG Fc Region, and Evaluation of its Biological Activities 1. Cloning of Human Lactoferrin (hLF) Gene

Human lactoferrin (hLF) cDNA was obtained by PCR from a human cDNA library (trade name “Human Leukocyte Marathon-Ready cDNA,” Clontech). Using S_LFex_XhoI_ATG (SEQ ID NO: 1; 5′-CTCGAGATGAAACTTGTCTTCCTCGTC (designed to introduce an XhoI site (underlined) upstream of the initiation codon ATG) as a forward primer and using AS_LFex_TAA_XbaI (SEQ ID NO: 2; 5′-TCTAGATTACTTCCTGAGGAATTCAC (designed to introduce an XbaI site (underlined) downstream of the termination codon TAA) as a reverse primer, hLF cDNA was amplified with DNA synthetase “KOD-plus” (trade name, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Japan).

The resulting DNA fragment was subjected to addition of A and cloned with a “TOPO TA cloning vector” (trade name, Invitrogen). Then, this vector was digested with XhoI and XbaI to excise a DNA fragment of hLF cDNA, which was then cloned into vector “pBluescript II”(trade name, Stratagene) which had been digested with XhoI and XbaI. This vector was designated as “pBSIILfAL.” The nucleotide sequence of hLF cDNA was confirmed by dideoxy sequencing. In pBSIILfAL, the full-length hLF gene was cloned in a state sandwiched between XhoI and XbaI restriction enzyme sites in the vector. The structure of pBSIILfAL is shown in FIG. 1 (left panel).

The thus prepared vector pBSIILfAL carrying the full-length hLF gene was used to prepare a vector, pBSIILfAL/Bam, in which a BamHI site was introduced between EcoRI and XbaI located at the 3′-terminal side of the hLF gene. Synthetic oligonucleotides Eco_hLF_Bam-S (SEQ ID NO: 3; 5′-AATTCCTCAGGAAGGATCCT-3′) and Eco_hLF_Bam-A (SEQ ID NO: 4; 5′-CTAGAGGATCCTTCCTGAGG-3′) were provided and each dissolved in sterilized water at a concentration of 100 μM. Then, the reagents indicated in Table 1 below were mixed to prepare a sample solution.

TABLE 1 10 μM Eco_hLF_Bam-S (μl) 10 10 μM Eco_hLF_Bam-A (μl) 10 1M Tris HCl (pH 7.5) (μl) 0.8 5M NaCl (μl) 0.8 Sterilized water (μl) 20.4 Total (μl) 42

This sample solution was heated to 70° C. and then slowly cooled to room temperature to thereby cause annealing and double-stranded DNA formation (annealing oligo). pBSIILfAL (10 ng/μl), which had been completely digested with EcoRI and XbaI, was provided and the reagents indicated in Table 2 below were mixed to cause ligation at 16° C. for 30 minutes.

TABLE 2 Annealing oligo (μl) 2 pBSIILfAL (μl) 5 Ligation High (TOYOBO) 7 Total (μl) 14

This ligation solution (5 μl) competent cells TOP10 (50 μl) were mixed and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Then, the competent cells were treated by heat shock at 42° C. for 40 seconds and allowed to stand on ice for 2 minutes, followed by addition of SOC medium (100 μl) and incubation at 37° C. for 1 hour. The sample incubated for 1 hour was seeded onto ampicillin-containing LB agar medium and cultured overnight at 37° C. On the following day, the resulting colonies were cultured overnight with shaking in 1.5 ml of LB liquid medium (containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin) under conditions of 37° C. and 200 rpm.

Plasmid DNA extraction was conducted with a “QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit” (trade name, QIAGEN). Ligation between the annealing oligo and pBSIILfAL was confirmed by decoding the nucleotide sequence near the annealing oligo. The thus prepared vector was designated as pBSIILfAL/Bam (FIG. 1, right panel).

2. Construction of a Hinge Region-Containing hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein Expression Vector 2-1 Construction of pTeuIgG/hLF

An expression vector was constructed to allow animal cells to express a fusion protein (hLF/hIgGFc) formed with hLF and human IgG Fc (hIgGFc) in a state dimerized at the hinge region via disulfide (s-s) linkages (which may also be referred to as hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc)).

An XhoI-BamHI fragment from pBSIILfAL/Bam was cloned into the XhoI/Bam HI site of pTeuIgG (FIG. 2), which is an expression vector carrying the genomic sequence of the hinge, CH2 and CH3 from the human IgG Fc region. This hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) expression vector was designated as pTeuIgG/hLF. Preparation of the expression vector was accomplished in the same manner as described above.

It should be noted that pTeuIgG was constructed such that a genomic DNA sequence corresponding to the hinge, CH2 and CH3 regions of human IgG1 was introduced downstream of the strong expression promoter SRα (Sato, A. et al., Biochem. J. 371, 603-608 (2003)).

For construction of a cell line stably expressing the hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein, DHFR-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells (DG44), a kind of CHO cells, were used. DHFR refers to dihydrofolate reductase and is essential for biosynthesis of nucleic acids. When cells are cultured in the presence of methotrexate (MTX) serving as an antagonist of DHFR, DHFR production is inhibited. In this state, it is known that the cells amplify the DHFR gene for their survival, as a result of which genes located near the DHFR gene are also amplified and protein expression of these genes are therefore amplified. In this way, a target protein can be highly expressed.

As an expression vector for DG44 cells, pOptiVEC (trade name, Invitrogen) was used. A region covering from the T7 primer binding site to the T3 primer binding site of vector pBluescript II (trade name, Stratagene) was amplified by PCR and ligated to pOptiVEC by TA cloning to prepare vector pOptiVEC-MCS (FIG. 4).

For construction of the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) expression vector, a region including the genomic sequences of hLF and the human IgG Fc region (hinge, CH2, CH3) was excised as an XhoI-NotI fragment from the vector pTeuIgG/hLF and cloned into the XhoI/NotI site of pOptiVEC-MCS. This vector was designated as pOptiVEC/hLF-dFc (FIG. 5). Preparation of the expression vector was accomplished in the same manner as described above.

The amino acid sequence of the human lactoferrin (hLF)/human IgG Fc fusion protein encoded by the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) expression vector pOptiVEC/hLF-dFc is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 in the Sequence Listing. In SEQ ID NO: 5, amino acids 1 to 711 correspond to an amino acid sequence for hLF, amino acids 712 to 714 correspond to an amino acid sequence for a spacer, amino acids 715 to 729 correspond to an amino acid sequence for the hinge region, amino acids 730 to 839 correspond to an amino acid sequence for the CH2 domain, and amino acids 840 to 946 correspond to an amino acid sequence for the CH3 domain (FIG. 17A: based on the sequences under Genbank registration Nos. AAB60324.1. and AAA02914.1).

3. Expression and Purification of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein 3-1. Construction of a Cell Line Stably Expressing the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein by Using DG44 Cells as a Host

The thus prepared pOptiVEC/hLF-dFc was introduced into DG44 cells to establish a cell line stably expressing the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc). For efficient introduction of the expression vector into the cells, 20 μg of the vector was linearized by restriction enzyme treatment with PvuI. This sample was supplemented with 1 volume of phenol/chloroform and shaken with a mixer (Vortex) to remove proteins. After centrifugation at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant was transferred to a new tube. The supernatant was supplemented with 1/10 volumes of 3 M sodium acetate and 2.5 volumes of 100% ethanol, followed by centrifugation at 15000 rpm for 20 minutes to precipitate the vector. After removal of the supernatant, the tube was rinsed by addition of 70% ethanol (100 μl). Then, the tube was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove the supernatant, followed by air drying for 10 minutes. To the air-dried tube, sterilized water (15 μl) was added to suspend the expression vector. The PvuI-treated expression vector was designated as pOpti VEC/hLF-dFc/PvuI.

The thus prepared pOptiVEC/hLF-dFc/PvuI was used to transfect DG44 cells. 20 μg of pOptiVEC/hLF-dFc/PvuI was mixed with 15 μl of “Free Style MAX Reagent” (trade name, Invitrogen) and with 1200 μl of “Opti Pro SFM” (trade name, Invitrogen), and then allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, and assumed it a transfection solution. DG44 cells (15×10⁶ cells) were suspended in 30 ml medium (“complete CD DG44 medium,” Invitrogen) and the transfection solution prepared in advance was mixed thereinto, followed by culture in a CO₂ incubator (37° C., 5% CO₂) for 48 hours. Then, the “complete CD DG44 medium” was replaced with “complete CD opti CHO medium” (Invitrogen). This medium is a hypoxanthine- and thymidine-free medium in which DHFR-deficient cells cannot grow. On the other hand, the expression vector treated with restriction enzyme PvuI encodes the DHFR gene, so that DG44 cells will be able to grow when the expression vector is integrated into their chromosome. The cells after 48 hours from the transfection were collected by centrifugation at 400×g for 5 minutes and suspended in 30 ml of “complete CD opti CHO medium” (3×10⁶ cells/ml). Then, while repeating medium replacement every 2 days, the cells were cultured in a CO₂ incubator (37° C., 5% CO₂). Culture was continued until the cell density reached 90% or more of the initial cell density at the beginning of culture.

Then, intracellular genome amplification was conducted with methotrexate (MTX, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan), The DG44 cells cultured in “Complete CD opti CHO medium” were counted and 1.2×10⁷ cells were then centrifuged at 400×g for 5 minutes. These cells were suspended in a mixed medium containing 30 ml of “complete CD opti CHO medium” and 1.5 of 1 mM MTX (final concentration: 0.05 μM). Then, the cells were cultured in a CO₂ incubator (37° C., 5% CO₂) until the cell density reached 90% or more of the initial cell density at the beginning of culture. Subsequently, the MTX concentration was increased to 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM, 3 μM and 4 μM in a stepwise fashion and culture was repeated.

3-2. Confirmation of Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein Expression

The cells (1.2×10⁷ cells) were suspended in “complete CD opti CHO medium” containing MTX at each concentration (0 μM, 0.05 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM, 3 μM or 4 μM) and cultured in a CO₂ incubator (37° C., 5% CO₂) until the cell density reached 90% or more of the initial cell density at the beginning of culture. At this time point, the cells were precipitated by centrifugation at 400×g for 5 minutes to collect their supernatant. 15 μl of the supernatant was mixed with 5 μl of non-reducing 4× sample buffer (prepared from 2 ml of 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 0.8 g of sodium lauryl sulfate (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Japan) and 4 ml of glycerine (Wako), which were mixed and messed up to 10 ml with pure water), and then treated by heating at 95° C. for 5 minutes and analyzed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE. For band staining, CBB was used.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 6. The molecular weight of the desired protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) is approximately 210 kDa. When the MTX concentration reached 1 μM, a band was observed around approximately 210 kDa indicated with the arrow. With increase in the MTX concentration, the band was stronger, thus confirming that the expression level of the protein was increased.

The cell line establish in the presence of MTX at a concentration of 4 μM was designated as DG44-d (hLF/hIgGFc).

3-3. Large-Scale Expression of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

Large-scale expression was accomplished by static culture using a 175 cm² T Flask (Greiner, using 50 ml medium) or a Nunc Triple Flask (using 200 ml medium). The cell line stably expressing the hinge-added fusion protein was subcultured in the serum-free medium “Complete CD Opti CHO medium.” For protein expression, the medium was replaced with “Hybridoma Serum Free Medium” (trade name, Invitrogen) +4 μM methotrexate (MTX)+60 μg/ml proline (hereinafter referred to as “Hybridoma SFM”), and the cells were seeded at a cell density of 1×10⁶ cells/ml and cultured at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 7 days. After 7 days, the cell culture medium was separated into supernatant and cell fractions by centrifugation at 400×g for 5 minutes. The cells were suspended again in 50 ml of Hybridoma SFM and cultured at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for an additional one week to cause protein expression. The supernatant was centrifuged again at 8000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the resulting supernatant was supplemented with sodium azide at a final concentration of 0.02% and stored at 4° C.

3-4. Purification of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

For purification, the culture supernatant (containing sodium azide at a final concentration of 0.02%) obtained by large-scale expression was used directly. 400 μl of “MacroCaP SP” (trade name, GE Healthcare) serving as a cation exchange carrier was filled into “Poly-Prep Chromatography Columns” (trade name, BioRad Laboratories) and equilibrated with 5 column volumes (CV) of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.6). The 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) used for equilibration was discarded, and 4 ml of the culture supernatant obtained by large-scale expression was then added and reacted in a seesaw shaker for 30 minutes. After the reaction, the solution was collected as a pass-through fraction. The “Poly-Prep Chromatography Columns” were connected to a “UV DETECTOR” (Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Japan, measured for absorbance at 280 nm) and a microtube pump (Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Japan). The flow rate of the pump was set to 1 ml/min, and 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) was passed to wash the carrier. From a time point where the absorbance at 280 nm in the “UV DETECTOR” was started to increase, the eluate was collected (Wash fraction). This eluate collection was continued until the absorbance at 280 nm was 0. Then, the solution was replaced with 0.2 M NaCl+10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.6), and the same operations were repeated (0.2 M NaCl-eluted fraction). This series of operations was repeated while increasing the NaCl concentration in increments of 0.1 M up to 1.0 M NaCl. The collected eluates were each stored at 4° C.

15 μl of each eluted fraction was mixed with 5 μl of non-reducing 4× sample buffer, treated by heating at 95° C. for 5 minutes and analyzed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE. For band staining, CBB was used.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 8. The desired protein hinge-added d(hLF/hIgGFc) was found to be eluted from the 0.4 M NaCl fraction. This result indicated that the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) bound to the “MacroCaP SP” would be able to be efficiently collected by being washed with 0.3 M NaCl and eluted with 1.0 M NaCl.

3-5. Concentration of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein Through Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

To give 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% saturation of ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate was weighed with a microelectronic balance in amounts per ml of 0.113 g, 0.176 g, 0.242 g, 0.314 g, 0.390 g, 0.472 g, 0.561 g and 0.657 g, respectively, and introduced into 2.0 ml tubes. To the respective tubes, a solution of the hinge-added d(hLF/hIgGFc) protein purified with a cation exchange carrier and suspended in PBS was added in 1 ml volumes and mixed by inversion until ammonium sulfate was dissolved, and the tubes were then allowed to stand overnight at 4° C. Then, the tubes were centrifuged under conditions of 15000 rpm for 30 minutes to precipitate the protein. The supernatants were collected, and the precipitates were each dissolved in 100 μl of PBS. Each precipitate dissolved in PBS and each collected supernatant were analyzed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE and CBB staining.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 10. Precipitation was observed at 50% to 90% saturation of ammonium sulfate. Further, the fractions showing precipitation at 50% to 90% saturation of ammonium sulfate were measured for their protein concentration in solution by the Bradford assay (protein assay, BioRad Laboratories) using BSA of known concentration as a standard to calculate the recovery rate in ammonium sulfate precipitation (n=5). In the case of the hIgGFc fusion protein, the concentration as hLF was calculated using its molecular weight. More specifically, in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc), calculation was conducted assuming that the molecular weight of hLF was 80 kDa (×2) and the molecular weight of the Fc region was 50 kDa. In the case of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc, calculation was conducted assuming that the molecular weight of hLF was 80 kDa and the molecular weight of the Fc region was 25 kDa. Each ammonium sulfate concentration and the recovery rate (%) obtained thereat are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Saturated concentration of Recovery ammonium sulfate rate (%) 50% 31 (±14.4) 60% 75 (±10.5) 70% 79 (±3.7) 80% 72 (±3.7) 90% 69 (±8.1) n = 5 (±S.E.)

The recovery rate was highest at 70% ammonium sulfate. After ammonium sulfate precipitation, the precipitate was suspended in PBS and dialyzed against PBS to remove ammonium sulfate.

4. Measurement of Biological Activities 4-1. Measurement of the Iron-Binding Ability of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

Lactoferrin is a nonheme iron-binding glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 80,000, which is composed of two regions called N-lobe and C-lobe, and has the ability to form reversible chelate bonds with two iron ions (Fe³⁺) per molecule of protein in the presence of carbonate ions (CO₃ ²⁻) (Anderson, et al., Nature, 344, 784-78 (1990)). The iron-binding ability of lactoferrin was measured as follows. Iron ions (Fe³⁺) are released from holo-form lactoferrin to prepare apo-form lactoferrin. Then, iron ions (Fe³⁺) were added in the presence of carbonate ions (CO₃ ²⁻) to prepare iron-rebound lactoferrin. The thus prepared apo-form lactoferrin and iron-rebound lactoferrin were measured for their iron content and protein concentration to determine the amount of iron bound thereto. More specifically, apo-form lactoferrin was prepared as follows: Aspergillus-derived recombinant human LF or the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) was dialyzed against 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 2.1) for 24 hours and further dialyzed against distilled water for 24 hours. Iron-rebound lactoferrin was prepared as follows: apo-form lactoferrin was dialyzed against phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.001% ammonium iron citrate, 50 mM sodium carbonate and 50 mM sodium chloride for 24 hours and then dialyzed sequentially against distilled water and phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 50 mM sodium chloride for 24 hours to remove excessive iron ions. For colorimetric measurement of iron ions bound to the protein, a serum iron measurement kit “Fe C-Test Wako” (trade name, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan) was used. The iron-binding ability was calculated as the amount of iron bound per mg of hLF protein quantified by the Bradford assay (in the case of the human IgG Fc fusion protein, per mg calculated as hLF using its molecular weight). The results of the experiment in duplicate are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 (First round) Results measured for iron-binding ability Amount of iron bound per mg of LF (ng) Relative Apo Holo Iron-binding ability activity Sample name form form (holo form—apo form) (%) Recombinant hLF 154.8 1321.0 1166.1 100 Hinge-added 304.8 1362.2 1057.4 90.7 fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) BSA 54.6 167.8 — — (Second round) Amount of iron bound per mg LF (ng) Relative Apo Holo Iron-binding ability activity Sample name form form (holo form—apo form) (%) Recombinant hLF 220.9 1655.5 1434.6 100 Hinge-added 207.1 1705.8 1498.7 104.5 fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc)

Assuming that the iron-binding activity of the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF was set to 100%, the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) showed nearly 100% activity.

4-2. CD Spectral Study on the Heat Stability of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) were analyzed for their heat stability by circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry is a technique to measure a difference in absorbance between right-handed circularly polarized light and left-handed circularly polarized light when a substance is irradiated at a certain wavelength. This technique can be used to predict the presence or absence, type and content of protein secondary structure.

First, suspensions of Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and the fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) were prepared at 0.1 mg/ml in PBS(-) and measured for their CD spectra at a wavelength of 200 nm to 250 nm at room temperature (about 20° C.) (using J-720, JASCO Corporation, Japan).

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 12. There was no significant difference in secondary structure between the recombinant hLF (panel A) and the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) (panel C).

Next, each protein was studied for its heat stability. When a CD spectrum is measured while varying the temperature of a protein solution from low temperature to high temperature, [θ] is increased to reach a plateau at a certain temperature. This phenomenon is due to heat-induced denaturation of the protein and the subsequent change in the secondary structure of the protein. For monitoring of heat stability, the wavelength commonly used for measurement is around 225 nm. Suspensions of Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) were prepared at 0.1 mg/ml in PBS(-) and measured for their CD spectra at a wavelength of 225 nm while increasing the temperature from 30° C. to 90° C. in increments of 1° C. (using J-720, JASCO Corporation, Japan).

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 13. The Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF (panel A) showed a significant change in its CD spectral values at a temperature around 67° C. In contrast, the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) (panel C) showed no significant change in its CD spectrum at 225 nm even when heated from 30° C. to 90° C.

In view of the foregoing results, when compared to the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF, the hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) was found to have improved stability against heat. The structurally stable hinge-added fusion protein d(hLF/hIgGFc) would also be expected to have improved blood stability in vivo.

4-3. Study on the Stability of the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

The hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein purified with the cation exchange carrier “MacroCap SP” shown in 3-4 was dialyzed against PBS and further diluted with PBS to prepare a sample of 336 μg/mL concentration. This sample was added in a volume of 100 μL to a 1.5 mL tube and reacted by being allowed to stand at 37° C. for 3 weeks. At 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the reaction, 3 μL of the sample was taken and mixed with 1 of non-reducing 4× sample buffer, and then treated by heating at 95° C. for 5 minutes, followed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE for analysis.

The results of CBB staining are shown in FIG. 14. In FIG. 14, M represents a marker, Lane 1 represents hLF (1 μg/lane), and Lanes 2 to 5 represent the samples after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. The fusion protein was stable for a few weeks even at 37° C. However, with the passage of time, the band of the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein indicated with * was found to be weaker, and the bands indicated with ** and ***, which appear to be cleavage products were found to be stronger. This would be because the fusion protein was cleaved by the action of proteases mixed into during the purification process. It should be noted that such cleavage was not observed for the hinge-deficient fusion protein (described later).

4-4. Analysis of Cleavage Sites in the Hinge-Added hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

To identify cleavage sites in the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein, the cleavage bands were analyzed for their N-terminal amino acid sequences. In the manner as described above, the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein (12 μg) was reacted by being allowed to stand at 37° C. for 3 weeks, and the cleaved sample was then electrophoresed by 10% SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, the protein was transferred onto a PVDF membrane (Millipore Corporation) in a standard manner. The CBB-stained PVDF membrane is shown in FIG. 15-A. In FIG. 15-A, M represents a marker, Lane 1 represents hLF (4 μg), and Lanes 2 to 6 represent the samples after cleavage (2 μg/lane each). From this PVDF membrane, a band of approximately 50 kDa (arrow) was excised and decolorized. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this band was analyzed with procise 491HT (trade name, ABI). The resulting amino acid sequence was found to be T-H-T-X-P (the fourth amino acid was undecodable). This sequence was further analyzed and found to correspond to amino acids 722 to 726 (within the hinge region) of SEQ ID NO: 5 in the Sequence Listing (FIG. 15-B).

Example 2 Preparation of a Fusion Protein (“Hinge-Deficient”) Formed with Human Lactoferrin and a Hinge Region-Free Human IgG Fc Region, and Evaluation of its Biological Activities and Blood Stability 1. Construction of a Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein Expression Vector

The vector pBSIILfAL/Bam prepared above (FIG. 1) was used to construct an expression vector for allowing animal cells to express a fusion protein (hinge-deficient hLF/mhIgGFc) formed with hLF and hinge region-free hIgGFc.

To prepare such a hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc expression vector, an XhoI-BamHI fragment from pBSIILfAL/Bam was cloned into the XhoI/BamHI site of pmIgG (FIG. 3), which is an expression vector carrying the cDNA sequence of CH2 and CH3 from the human IgG Fc region. This vector was designated as pmIgG/hLF. Preparation of each expression vector was accomplished in the same manner as described above.

It should be noted that pmIgG was constructed such that the genomic DNA sequence corresponding to the hinge, CH2 and CH3 regions of human IgG1 located between BamHI and XbaI of the above hinge-added fusion protein expression vector pTeuIgG was replaced with a cDNA sequence corresponding to the CH2 and CH3 regions of human IgG1.

For construction of the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc expression vector, a region including the cDNA sequences of hLF and the human IgG Fc region (CH2, CH3) was excised from pmIgG/hLF as an XhoI-NotI fragment and cloned into the XhoI/NotI site of pOptiVEC-MCS prepared above (FIG. 4). This vector was designated as pOptiVEC/hLF-mFc (FIG. 5). Preparation of the expression vector was accomplished in the same manner as described above. The amino acid sequence of the hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein encoded by the hinge-deficient fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc expression vector pOptiVEC/hLF-mFc is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 in the Sequence Listing. In SEQ ID NO: 6, amino acids 1 to 711 correspond to an amino acid sequence for hLF, amino acids 712 to 713 correspond to an amino acid sequence for a spacer, amino acids 714 to 823 correspond to an amino acid sequence for the CH2 domain, and amino acids 824 to 930 correspond to an amino acid sequence for the CH3 domain (FIG. 17B: based on the sequences under Genbank registration Nos. AAB60324.1 and AAA02914.1).

2. Expression and Purification of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein 2-1 . Construction of a Cell Line Stably Expressing the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein by using DG44 Cells as a Host

In the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein, the thus prepared pOptiVEC/hLF-mFc was introduced into DG44 cells to establish a cell line stably expressing the hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein. The PvuI-treated expression vector was designated as pOptiVEC/hLF-mFc/PvuI.

In the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein, the thus prepared pOptiVEC/hLF-mFc/PvuI was used to transfect DG44 cells, and culture was repeated while increasing the MTX concentration in a stepwise fashion.

2-2. Confirmation of Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein Expression

In the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein, protein expression was analyzed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE and CBB staining.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 7. The molecular weight of the desired protein hLF/mhIgGFc is approximately 105 kDa. When the MTX concentration reached 0.5 μM, a band was observed around approximately 105 kDa indicated with the arrow. With increase in the MTX concentration, the band was stronger, thus confirming that the expression level of the protein was increased.

The cell line establish in the presence of MTX at a concentration of 4 μM was designated as DG44-hLF/mhIgGFc.

2-3. Large-Scale Expression of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

In the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein, the cells were subcultured to effect large-scale expression of the fusion protein. The resulting supernatant was stored at 4° C.

2-4. Purification of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

In the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein, the fusion protein was purified from the culture supernatant obtained by large-scale expression.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 9. The desired protein hinge-deficient hLF/mhIgGFc was found to be eluted between 0.5 M and 0.7 M NaCl. This result indicated that the hinge-deficient hLF/mhIgGFc bound to “MacroCaP SP” would be able to be efficiently collected in the subsequent cases by being washed with 0.4 M NaCl and eluted with 1.0 M NaCl.

2-5. Concentration of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein Through Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

In the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein, the fusion protein was concentrated through ammonium sulfate precipitation and analyzed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE and CBB staining.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 11. Precipitation was observed at 60% to 90% saturation of ammonium sulfate. Further, the fractions showing precipitation at 60% to 90% saturation of ammonium sulfate were measured for their protein concentration in solution by the Bradford assay to calculate the recovery rate in ammonium sulfate precipitation (n=2). Each ammonium sulfate concentration and the recovery rate (%) obtained thereat are shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Saturated concentration of Recovery ammonium sulfate rate (%) 60% 84.0, 61.7 70% 73.4, 58.8 80% 71.9, 56.8 90% 78.4, 64.2

The recovery rate was highest at 60% ammonium sulfate. After ammonium sulfate precipitation, the precipitate was suspended in PBS and dialyzed against PBS to remove ammonium sulfate.

3. Measurement of Biological Activities 3-1. Measurement of the Iron-Binding Ability of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

The iron-binding ability of lactoferrin was measured in the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein. The results of the experiment in duplicate are shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 (First round) Results measured for iron-binding ability Amount of iron bound per mg of LF (ng) Relative Apo Holo Iron-binding ability activity Sample name form form (holo form—apo form) (%) Recombinant hLF 154.8 1321.0 1166.1 100 Hinge-deficient 147.4 1540.0 1393.0 119 fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc BSA 54.6 167.8 — — (Second round) Amount of iron bound per mg of LF (ng) Relative Apo Holo Iron-binding ability activity Sample name form form bolo form—apo form) (%) Recombinant hLF 220.9 1655.5 1434.6 100 Hinge-deficient 275.0 1790.0 1515.0 106 fusion protein hLF/mhIgGFc

Assuming that the iron-binding activity of Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF was set to 100%, the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) showed 100% activity.

3-2. CD Spectral Study on the Heat Stability of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and the hinge-added and hinge-deficient hLF/hIgGFc fusion proteins were analyzed for their heat stability by CD spectrometry in the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 12. There was no significant difference in secondary structure between the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF (panel A) and the hinge-deficient hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein (panel B).

Next, each protein was studied for its heat stability in the same manner as in the case of the hinge-added fusion protein. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 13. The Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF (panel A) showed a significant change in its CD spectral values at a temperature around 67° C., whereas the hinge-deficient hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein (panel B) showed no significant change in its CD spectrum at 225 nm even when heated from 30° C. to 90° C.

In view of the foregoing results, when compared to hLF, the hinge-deficient hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein was found to have improved stability against heat and would also be expected to have improved blood stability in vivo.

3-3. Study on the Blood Stability of the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein in Rats

Under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium, a cannula for blood collection was kept in the external jugular vein of each of six Wistar rats (male) at 8 weeks of age. The rats were administered with Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF (at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight) or the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) (at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight calculated as hLF) by injection into the femoral vein. Before administration and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after administration, blood was collected through the cannula kept in the external jugular vein, and the hLF concentration in plasma was measured by ELISA (“AssayMax Human Lactoferrin ELISA kit,” Assaypro). It should be noted that preliminary studies have been conducted to confirm that the anticoagulant EDTA used during blood collection and plasma do not affect this ELISA measurement. In addition, the ELISA kit used is composed of biotinylated anti-human lactoferrin antibody (primary antibody) and peroxidase-labeled streptavidin. Thus, there is no need for concern about cross-reaction between secondary antibody and hinge-deficient (hLF/mhIgGFc) Fc region, which will cause a problem in commonly used ELISA assays involving the use of secondary antibody.

First, the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc), whose concentration was measured by the Bradford assay, were used to prepare the respective calibration curves. Since linearity was obtained at 0.47 to 7.5 ng/ml for the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and at 0.235 to 30.0 ng/ml for the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc), each plasma sample was diluted such that its measured value fell within this range, and then measured for its protein concentration.

The results obtained are shown in FIG. 16. Before administration, LF was not detected from blood in both groups receiving the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc). In the group treated with the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF, LF was almost cleared from blood at 60 minutes after administration, whereas LF was still detected after 240 minutes in the group treated with the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc).

Statistical analysis software “GraphPad Prism 4” (GraphPad Software) was used to calculate the half-life in blood and the area under the time curve (AUC). The half-life of hLF in blood of the group treated with the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF was 12.6 minutes, whereas the half-life of hLF in blood of the group treated with the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was 67.7 minutes, i.e., prolonged about 5.4-fold in the group treated with the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc). AUC of hLF was increased about 7.4-fold in the group treated with the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) in comparison with the group treated with hLF. In view of the foregoing results, when compared to the Aspergillus-derived recombinant hLF, the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) showed a significant improvement in blood stability.

3-4. In Vitro Protease Resistance Test on the Hinge-Deficient hLF/hIgGFc Fusion Protein

In 75% bovine serum/PBS, the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was reacted at a concentration of 0.2 μg/μl for a long period of time at 37° C. After 0, 14, 21, 38 and 55 days, samples were collected and analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-hLF antibody to detect the size and amount of residual LF.

The results indicated that during the storage period up to 55 days, LF received almost no cleavage and hence maintained its initial molecular weight, and also showed no decrease in the amount detected (FIG. 18) when compared to the data obtained at 0 days. Thus, the fusion protein of the present invention has sufficient resistance against protease cleavage in blood.

Example 3 Evaluation of the Fusion Protein (“Hinge-Deficient”), Which Formed With Human Lactoferrin and Human IgG Fc Region, For the Uptake Into Human Small Intestinal Epithelium-Like Cells and Resistance to Chymotrypsin 1. Evaluation of Uptake into Human Small Intestinal Epithelium-Like Cells (Caco2)

LF is known to be taken up from the intestinal tract and transferred to the thoracic duct lymph. Then, human small intestinal epithelium-like cells (Caco2 cells) were used to confirm whether the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) prepared in this study was taken up through this route.

hLF and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) were each labeled with a fluorescent probe, Alexa Fluor 488. To 1 mg of Alexa Fluor 488, 100 μl of DMSO was added. Subsequently, each protein supplemented with 1 M NaHCO₃ were mixed with Alexa Fluor 488 at a molar ratio of 1:10 and reacted at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction, the reaction solutions were dialyzed against 1×PBS(-) for 24 hours to remove unlabeled Alexa Fluor 488.

Caco-2 cells were seeded in 12-well plates at a cell density of 5×10⁴ cells/ml and cultured at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 1 week (with medium replacement every 2 days). To the Caco-2 cells, PBS(-) was added at 1 ml/well, and washing was repeated three times for complete removal of the medium components. Next, each protein labeled with Alexa was added at 15 μg/well and reacted for 1 hour. After 1 hour, each protein labeled with Alexa was removed, and the cells were washed once by addition of cold PBS(-) at 1 ml/well. After washing, 0.25% Trypsin/EDTA was added at 250 μl/well and reacted under conditions of 37° C. for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, all the cells were collected into tubes and centrifuged at 200×g for 2 minutes at 4° C. using a centrifuge. After centrifugation, the supernatants were removed and cold PBS(-) was added at 1 ml/tube to lightly suspend the cells, followed by centrifugation at 200×g for 2 minutes at 4° C. After centrifugation, the supernatants were removed and 4% PFA/PBS(-) was added at 200 μl/tube to lightly suspend the cells, followed by reaction at room temperature for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, the tubes were centrifuged at 200×g for 2 minutes at 4° C. After centrifugation, the supernatants were removed and 1 μg/ml bisbenzimide/PBS(-) was added at 200 μl/tube to lightly suspend the cells, followed by reaction at room temperature for 15 minutes (nuclear staining). After 15 minutes, the tubes were centrifuged at 200×g for 2 minutes at 4° C. After centrifugation, the supernatants were removed and cold PBS(-) was added at 200 μl/tube to lightly suspend the cells. After suspension, the tubes were centrifuged at 200×g for 2 minutes at 4° C. After centrifugation, the supernatants were removed and cold PBS(-) was added at 200 μl/tube to lightly suspend the cells, followed by transferring the suspensions in their entirety to a 8-well chamber plate, Then, fluorescence uptake was observed with a con focal laser scanning microscope LSM510.

As a result, hLF and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) were confirmed not to be taken up into Caco2 cells under conditions of 4° C. (FIG. 19A), but to be taken up into Caco2 cells under conditions of 37° C. (FIG. 19B). Moreover, their uptake at 37° C. was inhibited in the presence of NaN₃ (FIG. 19C) and an excessive amount of unlabeled bovine lactoferrin (bLF) (FIG. 19D), thus confirming that this intracellular uptake was receptor-mediated and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was taken up into cells through the same uptake route as LF. Namely, the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) is considered to be taken up via any one or more of the lactoferrin receptor, the IgG receptor or the albumin receptor.

2. Evaluation of Chymotrypsin Digestion Resistance in the Hinge-Deficient Fusion Protein (hLF/mhIgGFc)

The buffer used in this experiment was prepared as indicated in Table 7 and then adjusted to pH 7.4.

TABLE 7 Composition of buffer 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8.8) 2.5 ml 5M NaCl 1 ml 1M CaCl₂•2H₂O 100 μl Mess up to 50 ml

hLF and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) were suspended at 1 mg/ml in this buffer.

Digestive Enzyme Resistance Test

150 μl 1 mg/ml hLF or hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was mixed with 120 of the buffer and allowed to stand at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Then, a 16.7 μg/ml chymotrypsin solution (30 μl) was added to reaction samples and reacted by being allowed to stand at 37° C. Reaction samples (36 μl each) were collected over time and each added to 12 μl of Sample Buffer prepared in advance (0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 4% SDS, 20% glycerol, a trace amount of BPB) to stop the digestion reaction. Then, the reaction solutions were electrophoresed by 10% SDS-PAGE (each solution was used at 15 μl/lane), followed by CBB staining.

FIG. 20 shows the results of electrophoresis obtained for, from the left, a molecular weight marker, hLF samples allowed to stand at 37° C. in the absence of chymotrypsin, hLF samples allowed to stand at 37° C. in the presence of chymotrypsin, hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) samples allowed to stand at 37° C. in the absence of chymotrypsin, and hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) samples allowed to stand at 37° C. in the presence of chymotrypsin.

The density of each band was analyzed by ImageJ. The results were plotted on a graph, assuming that the mean density of the band in the absence of chymotrypsin was set to 100% (FIG. 21). The hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was almost not cleaved, whereas hLF serving as a control was cleaved within 30 seconds, thus indicating that the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was resistant to chymotrypsin digestion.

In addition, hLF and the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc), each being dissolved in the buffer indicated in Table 7, were analyzed by gel column chromatography, indicating that the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) was present as a homodimer (FIG. 22).

Panel B in FIG. 22 is a graph showing the correlation between elution time and protein molecular weight. In the chromatograph (FIG. 22, panel A), the blue curve (“hLF/dhIgGFc”) represents the results of the hinge-added hLF/hIgGFc fusion protein containing the region for dimer formation (i.e., the hinge region). On the other hand, the green curve (“hLF/mhIgGFc”) represents the results of the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc). Gel filtration of hLF/mhIgGFc and hLF/dhIgGFc indicated that there was almost no difference in their elution time. This suggested that the hinge-deficient fusion protein (hLF/mhIgGFc) would form a dimer in a solution.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention provides a lactoferrin fusion protein having improved properties, uses thereof and a method for preparation thereof. 

1. A fusion protein comprising a lactoferrin and a protein or peptide comprising neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn-binding region, wherein the fusion protein is represented by: (LF-s-Y)n or (Y-s-LF)n, and wherein LF represents the lactoferrin, Y represents the protein or peptide comprising the FcRn-binding region, s represents an amino acid sequence of 0 to 10 residues, and n represents an integer of 1 or
 2. 2. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein or peptide comprising the FcRn-binding region comprises any one of IgG, the heavy chain of IgG, the heavy chain Fc region of IgG, the CH2 and CH3 domains of the Fc region, the CH2 domain of the Fc region, albumin, and the FcRn-binding region of albumin.
 3. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is a dimer.
 4. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is a monomer.
 5. (canceled)
 6. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is capable of being internalized by a mammalian cell via at least one receptor selected from the group consisting of a lactoferrin receptor, an IgG receptor, and an albumin receptor.
 7. (canceled)
 8. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the fusion protein according to claim
 1. 9. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to claim
 8. 10. A host cell comprising the expression vector according to claim
 9. 11-12. (canceled)
 13. A method for treating Wilson's disease, hepatitis, aging of skin and eyes, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, keratinization, autoimmune diseases, or cancers, comprising administering an effective amount of the fusion protein according to claim 1 to a patient in need thereof.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein according to claim 1 and a carrier.
 15. A method for preparing a fusion protein, which comprises culturing a host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 8 in a medium to express the fusion protein, and collecting the fusion protein from the host cell or the medium.
 16. A method for controlling pain comprising administering an effective amount of the fusion protein according to claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 